Evil Under the Sun

Evil Under the Sun is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in June 1941 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in October of the same year. The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6) and the US edition at $2.00.

Synopsis
A quiet holiday at a secluded hotel in Devon is all that Hercule Poirot wants, but among his fellow guests is a beautiful and vain woman who, seemingly oblivious to her own husband, revels in the attention of another woman's husband. She is later found strangled on a secluded beach and the obvious suspects all appear to have an alibi.

Plot
(may contain spoilers - click on expand to read) Arlena Marshall is a beautiful actress and a flirtatious young woman with many men attracted to her. She goes to the Jolly Roger Hotel with her husband and stepdaughter, Kenneth and Linda Marshall. Linda Marshall (aged 16) hates her step-mother. Arlena flirts with handsome Patrick Redfern, to the evident fury of his wife, Christine, a former schoolteacher. Also staying at the hotel are Hercule Poirot; Sir Horace Blatt, a braggart; Major Barry, a retired Anglo-Indian military officer with an endless series of stories to tell; Rosamund Darnley, an exclusive fashionable dressmaker, who had formerly been Kenneth's sweetheart; Carrie Gardener, a garrulous American tourist, and her husband, Odell; Reverend Stephen Lane; and Miss Emily Brewster, a quite athletic spinster.

Early on the morning of the murder of Arlena, alibis collect. Linda drops a parcel of candles when Christine asks her to Gull Cove. Arlena paddles to Pixy Cove obviously for a rendezvous; Poirot disbelieves her request for solitude. But both Kenneth and Patrick seek her. Finally Patrick asks Emily to join her daily row. He finds a body lying arms outstretched, face hidden by a hat, but red curls peeking out. Good at managing heights, he stays, while Emily gets the doctor, who diagnoses strangulation by powerful hands, therefore male.

Poirot and the police question the suspects. Kenneth was heard typing letters specifically responding to figures in previous mail. Linda falsely claims she was fond of her stepmother. By her watch, she and Christine went to Gull Cove at 10:30 and returned at 11:45, giving them an alibi. The Gardeners were with Poirot the entire time. Rosamund was seen reading at Sunny Ledge (above Pixy Cove) by Emily and Patrick. Rev. Lane and Major Barry went out, and Sir Horace Blatt went sailing. Christine, Rosamund, Kenneth and Mr Gardener all went to play tennis at noon. Earlier in the day, Miss Brewster was nearly hit on the head by an empty bottle tossed from one of the bedroom windows, so Poirot asks the chambermaid if she has observed a bottle missing. The chambermaid cannot tell, but did note another odd occurrence: somebody ran a bath at noon but everyone denies having done so.

At Pixy Cove, Poirot and police find a pair of new scissors, a fragment of pipe that could belong to many smokers, and heroin. Inside the cave, Poirot also sniffs a delicate exclusive perfume only used by Arlena and Rosamund. Poirot invites everyone on a picnic to test their vertigo. Christine and Emily both claimed fear of heights (acrophobia), but Christine easily traversed the bridge — thus she lied. After the picnic, Linda is found overdosed on six of Christine's sleeping pills, almost dies. She has written a confession, but Poirot found her library book about magic, melted wax and a pin, and realized she mistook piercing a voodoo image for murder. Christine made sure her tablets were handy, provoking the guilt-ridden Linda to take them.

Poirot asks for similar recent nearby cases of strangulation. Alice Corrigan was found by a local school teacher, while her husband Edward was supposedly too far away to have committed the murder. But a photograph from Surrey police identify Patrick Redfern as Edward Corrigan and the teacher, a games mistress, as Christine Redfern, then known as Christine Deverill, Patrick's true love and accomplice. Patrick was not Arlena's victim, but vice versa. Patrick pretended to be smitten and bilked her of most of her inherited fifty thousand pounds for "fabulous opportunities".

Arlena was unsuspecting, but if Kenneth knew that she had nearly emptied the account, he would become suspicious and Patrick would find himself in a difficult predicament. So Patrick and Christine decided to get rid of her. Arlena went on that fatal day to meet Patrick, as Poirot had surmised. Patrick instructed her to remain hidden in the cave if anyone came around. Meanwhile, Christine set Linda's watch 20 minutes forward. When she asked Linda to check the time, her alibi was set. Later, she adjusted the watch back. Christine went to her room, applied suntan makeup, tossed the empty bottle out the window, wore large-sleeved clothes to hide her fake tan, sneaked out of the hotel to the Cove, and pretended to be the supposedly dead Arlena. Emily, who, with Patrick, "found" her was easily fooled. Christine returned to her hotel room and took a bath to wash off the tan; the bath that everyone denied taking. She then threw the empty makeup bottle out a window, which nearly hit Miss Brewster. Meanwhile, Patrick called an unsuspecting Arlena out of the cave and strangled her. Poirot needles Patrick into a near violent fury despite the cold-blooded Christine telling him to "be quiet".

Poirot tells Linda she is innocent, and not to hate her "next step-mother". In the final conversation, Rosamund agrees to give up her career for marriage to Kenneth, "I've wanted to live in the country with you all my life".

Characters
Jolly Roger Hotel
 * Hercule Poirot
 * Captain Kenneth Marshall, wife Arlena and daughter Linda
 * Patrick Redfern and wife Christine
 * Rosamund Darnley
 * Emily Brewster
 * Mr Odell Gardener and wife Carrie
 * Horace Blatt
 * Reverend Stephen Lane
 * Major Barry
 * The Masterman family
 * The Cowan family
 * Other people and staff at the hotel

Investigators
 * Colonel Weston, Chief Constable
 * Inspector Colgate, investigating officer
 * Dr Neasden, police surgeon
 * Sergeant Phillips
 * Constable Hawkes
 * Constable Flint
 * Heald
 * Chief Inspector Ridgeway

Others
 * Andrew Baston, a sailor
 * Captain Roger Angmering
 * Arthur Angmering
 * Mr Kelso
 * Lord Codrington, Lady Codrington
 * Robert Erskine
 * The Rylands
 * Alice Corrigan
 * Nellie Parsons
 * Cornelia Robson (mentioned)
 * Martingdale (mentioned)
 * Ruth Marshall (mentioned)
 * Wallace (mentioned)
 * Beau Brummel (mentioned)
 * Newton (mentioned)
 * Chief Inspector Japp (mentioned)

Explanation of the title
The title refers to Ecclesiastes 6:1-6:2 (King James Version):
 * 6:1 “There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, and it is common among men:”
 * 6:2 “A man to whom God hath given riches, wealth, and honour, so that he wanteth nothing for his soul of all that he desireth, yet God giveth him not power to eat thereof, but a stranger eateth it: this is vanity, and it is an evil disease.”

Literary significance and reception
(long section - click on expand to read) The verdict by Maurice Willson Disher in The Times Literary Supplement of 14 June 1941 was positive: "To maintain a place at the head of detective-writers would be difficult enough without the ever increasing rivalry. Even Miss Christie cannot stay there unchallenged though she has a following which will swear her books are best without reading the others. Unbiased opinion may have given the verdict against her last season when new arrivals set a very hot pace; but Evil Under the Sun will take a lot of beating now". After summarising the plot, the Mr. Disher concluded: "Miss Christie casts the shadow of guilt upon first one and then another with such casual ease that it is difficult for the reader not to be led by the nose. Everybody is well aware that any character most strongly indicated is not a likely criminal; yet this guiding principle is forgotten when Miss Christie persuades you that you are more discerning than you really are. Then she springs her secret like a land-mine."

In The New York Times Book Review of 19 October 1941, Isaac Anderson wrote, "The murder is an elaborately planned affair – a little too much so for credibility, in view of the many possibilities of a slip-up somewhere along the way – but Poirot's reasoning is flawless, as it always is. Evil Under the Sun adds another to the already long list of Agatha Christie's successful mystery tales."

Maurice Richardson in a short review in the 8 June 1941 issue of The Observer said, "Best Agatha Christie since Ten Little Indians – and one can't say much more than that – Evil Under the Sun has luxury summer hotel, closed-circle setting, Poirot in white trousers. Victim: redhead actress man-mad. Smashing solution, after clouds of dust thrown in your eyes, ought to catch you right out. Light as a soufflé."

The Scotsman of 3 July 1941 spoke of the "surprising discoveries" in the book's solution and said, "All of these the reader may best be left to encounter for himself in the assurance that the quest will prove as piquant as any this skilful writer has offered."

E.R. Punshon in The Guardian of 26 August 1941 briefly summed up the plot in a eulogistic piece which began, "Is it going too far to call Mrs. Agatha Christie one of the most remarkable writers of the day?"

Robert Barnard: "The classic Christie marital triangle plot set in West Country seaside resort, with particular play on the alikeness of sunbathing bodies, and dead ones. Possibly overingenious and slightly uncharacterised."

References to other works
The plot has some similarities to the Christie short story, Triangle at Rhodes, which was first published in the US in This Week magazine in February 1936 and in the UK in issue 545 of the Strand Magazine in May 1936 and included in the collection Murder in the Mews (US title: Dead Man's Mirror) one year later.

In Triangle at Rhodes, Poirot again witnesses an apparent liaison between two married people. Again everyone believes that the responsible party is the beautiful Valentine Chantry, who is the murder victim. In Triangle at Rhodes the murder is by poison and it is thought that Chantry and her lover attempted to murder her husband and that the plot went wrong. Poirot, however, reveals that the murder was committed by Chantry's husband in cahoots with her apparent lover's wife, Mrs Gold, who intended to frame her hapless husband. In both stories, the key twist is that the appearance of the seductress's power deflects attention from the reality of the situation. In Triangle at Rhodes, Mrs Gold says of Valentine Chantry “in spite of her money and her good looks and all […] she's not the sort of woman men really stick to. She's the sort of woman, I think, that men would get tired of very easily.” In Evil under the Sun, Poirot says of Arlena Marshall that she “[w]as the type of woman whom men care for easily and of whom they easily tire.”

The character of Colonel Weston had originally appeared in Peril at End House and makes reference to that case upon his first appearance, in Chapter 5. Minor character Mrs Gardener is herself an admirer of Poirot's exploits and refers to the case of Death on the Nile in Chapter 1 of this novel.

Radio
John Moffatt starred as Poirot in a 1999 BBC Radio 4 adaptation directed by Enyd Williams.

1982 film
Evil Under the Sun, released in 1982, was the second film to be made with Peter Ustinov as Poirot after his debut in the part in the 1978 film Death on the Nile. The setting is changed to a resort hotel in the Adriatic. The main characters have significantly different backstories and more of them become plausible suspects. However the main mechanic of the crime is preserved.

Agatha Christie's Poirot
The novel was adapted as an episode in the series Agatha Christie's Poirot in 2001 starring David Suchet. Some liberties were taken in the adaptation. In the episode Kenneth Marshall's 16-year old daughter Linda was changed into his 17-year old son Lionel. Instead of practicing magic, Lionel was reading a book about poisoning and did not attempt suicide. The Gardeners are not among the guests. As with many of the early Poirot adaptations, the characters of Captain Hastings, Inspector Japp and Miss Lemon had a bigger role in the episode than their roles in the book, with Hastings joining Poirot in the resort, Japp investigating the murder (a role performed by Colonel Weston in the book) and Lemon investigating Alice Corrigan's murder at Poirot's behest. This episode marked Japp's and Lemon's last appearances in the series until the final series, broadcast 2013.

Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie
An adaptation was made as episode 24 of Season 2 of the France Télévisions and Escazal Films series Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie. The episode was entitled Ding Dingue Dong, as a church bell was part of an alibi in this story. The setting is changed to the psychiatric clinic in Lille in the 1950s and featured a new set of investigators, commissaire Laurence, his secretary Marlene and journalist Alice Avril. There were of course, changes to the backstories of the characters, but the main mechanic of the crime is preserved.

PC adaptation
On 17 October 2007, The Adventure Company released a PC adaptation of the book. The game featured actor Kevin Delaney as the voice of Hercule Poirot. This version includes the character of Captain Hastings as the player-character; as a game, Poirot re-creates the story, but allowing Hastings to step into Poirot's shoes and solve the mystery as he would.

Publication history

 * 1941, Collins Crime Club (London), June 1941, Hardback, 256 pp
 * 1941, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), October 1941, Hardback, 260 pp
 * 1945, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, 183 pp (Pocket number 285)
 * 1957, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 189 pp
 * 1963, Pan Books, Paperback, 217 pp
 * 1971, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 362 pp
 * 2008, Poirot Facsimile Edition (Facsimile of 1941 UK First Edition), HarperCollins, 1 April 2008, Hardback; ISBN 0-00-727455-6

The book was first serialised in the U.S. in Collier's Weekly in eleven parts from 14 December 1940 (Volume 106, Number 24) to 22 February 1941 (Volume 107, Number 8) with illustrations by Mario Cooper.

International titles

 * Chinese (simplified): 阳光下的罪恶 (Evil Under The Sun)
 * Czech: Zlo pod sluncem (Evil Under The Sun)
 * Dutch: Overal is de duivel (Everywhere is the devil)
 * Croatian: Zlo Pod Suncem (Evil Under The Sun)
 * Estonian: On kurjust päikese all (There's Evil Under The Sun)
 * German: Das Böse unter der Sonne (The Evil Under the Sun), first edition in 1945: Rätsel um Arlena (Riddle about Arlena)
 * Greek: Το Τσίμπημα Της Καρφίτσας (The Sting of the Pin)
 * Hungarian: Nyaraló gyilkosok (Murderers on Vacation)
 * Indonesian: Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy (Murder on the Pixy Cove)
 * Italian: Corpi al sole (Sunbathing Bodies)
 * Japanese: 白昼の悪魔 (Evil Under The Sun)
 * Spanish: En Hispanoamérica: Maldad bajo el Sol (Evil under the Sun) En España: Muerte bajo el Sol (Death Under the Sun)
 * Swedish: Mord på ljusa dagen (Murder in Bright Day)
 * Portuguese: As Férias de Poirot (Poirot's Vacations), Morte na praia (Death on the beach)
 * Francais: Les vacances d'Hercule Poirot or Meutre au soleil
 * Turkish: Ölüm Oyunu  (Death game)
 * Polish: Zło czai się wszędzie (Evil lurks everywhere)