Death in the Clouds

Death in the Clouds is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company on 10 March 1935 under the title of Death in the Air and in UK by the Collins Crime Club in the July of the same year under Christie's original title. The US edition retailed at $2.00 and the UK edition at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6). The book features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot, and Chief Inspector Japp.

Synopsis
A wealthy French lady is found dead on board a flight from Paris to London. Poirot is among the fellow passengers. How did she die and who killed her?

Plot summary
(may contain spoilers - click on expand to read) In the book, Poirot is a passenger on board a flight from Paris to Croydon Airport. Some time before landing, one of the passengers, Madame Giselle — a wealthy French moneylender — is found dead. Initially, a reaction to a wasp sting is postulated, but Poirot spies the true cause of death: a poison-tipped dart, apparently fired from a blowgun. It becomes apparent that the victim has been murdered.

Frustrated with the evident artificiality of the blowpipe, an item that could hardly have been used without being seen by another passenger, Poirot suggests that the means of delivering the dart may have been something else. Is it the flute of one passenger, or perhaps one of the ancient tubes carried by one of the two French archaeologists (father and son) on board? Or maybe Lady Horbury's long cigarette holder?

Poirot's focus is upon a wasp that has been seen in the compartment and which provided evidence for the original theory of the cause of death. Without explaining himself, he asks or a detailed list of the items in the possession of the passengers, and finds an incriminating clue: Norman Gale, a dentist who has seemingly never been in the area of the plane where the victim was killed, and has no apparent motive for committing the murder, had an empty matchbox and a lighter. He appears to be the killer, but how can he have committed the murder, when he was apparently in conversation with Jane Grey (the novel's effective heroine) throughout the flight? And why would he have committed the crime? And why were there two coffee spoons in the victim's saucer?

Madame Giselle is suspected of using blackmail to ensure that her clients paid up, so any of the passengers could either have owed her money or feared exposure. Equally, Madame Giselle had an estranged daughter who will inherit her considerable estate: could one of the female passengers be this heiress? Much of the novel focuses on the pursuit of this line of enquiry, with the passengers coming under suspicion in turn. Special attention is given to Mr Clancy, a detective novelist who enables Christie to include the same sort of parodies of her craft achieved in other novels through the character of Ariadne Oliver.

The only other suspect who proves of material significance is, however, the Countess of Horbury, whose maid has been called into the compartment during the flight where she would have had the perfect opportunity to commit the crime. When this maid is revealed to be none other than the victim's daughter and heir, Anne Morisot, it seems she must be the murderess. But the maid was only on the flight by accident, having been asked to be there at the last moment. Moreover, the death of Anne Morisot from poison on the boat-train to Boulogne leaves no clear suspect.

Poirot reveals in the dénouement that Gale is none other than Anne's new husband, and that his plans — almost certainly including the eventual murder of Anne herself — had been laid well in advance. He brought his dentist's jacket on board and — in the apparently innocuous moments that he had gone to the toilet — changed into this jacket in order to pose as a steward. Under the pretense of delivering a coffee spoon to Miss Giselle he had walked up the aisle and stabbed her with the poisoned thorn. As Poirot puts it: "No one notices a steward particularly." Gale's intention had been to frame the Countess, and the blowpipe found behind Poirot's seat would have been found behind hers had they not switched seats at the last moment. Poirot invites Mr Clancy to the dénouement where he gleefully allows the novelist to see how a real-life detective solves a case, to both men's great enjoyment. Finally, in a single stroke Poirot makes a romantic match by pairing off Jane Grey with the younger archaeologist, who have fallen in love.

On the Prometheus

 * Hercule Poirot
 * Daniel Clancy
 * Armand Dupont
 * Jean Dupont
 * Norman Gale
 * Dr Bryant
 * Madame Giselle
 * James Ryder
 * Cicely, Countess of Horbury
 * Venetia Kerr
 * Jane Grey
 * Henry Mitchell
 * Albert Davis
 * Madeleine

Police

 * Chief Inspector Japp
 * Monsieur Fournier
 * Constable Rogers
 * Detective-sergeant Wilson
 * Monsieur Gilles

England

 * Lord Horbury
 * Mr Henry Winterspoon
 * Dr James Whistler
 * Raymond Barraclough
 * ffoulkes
 * Betsy
 * Chattisley
 * Monsieur Antoine
 * Monsieur Henri
 * Monsieur Georges
 * Gladys
 * Miss Ross
 * Mrs Mitchell
 * John Gale

France

 * Anne Morisot
 * Zeropoulos
 * Jules Perrot
 * Maître Alexandre Thibault
 * Elise Grandier
 * Georges
 * George Leman
 * Mère Angélique

Literary significance and reception
(long section - click on expand to read) The Times Literary Supplement of 4 July 1935 summarised thus: "Any of the other nine passengers and two stewards could be suspected. And all of them were, including Clancy, the writer of detective stories, whom the author evidently enjoys making absurd. It will be a very acute reader who does not receive a complete surprise at the end."

The Times in its main paper gave the book a second review in its issue of 2 July 1935 when they described its plot as "ingenious" and commented on the fact that Christie had evolved a method of presenting a crime in a confined space (with reference to The Mystery of the Blue Train and Murder on the Orient Express) which "however often employed, never loses its originality."

Isaac Anderson in The New York Times Book Review of 24 March 1935 began his column, "Murder by poisoned dart, such as primitive savages blow from blow-guns, ceased long ago to be a novelty in detective fiction, and murder in an airplane is by way of becoming almost as common as murder behind the locked doors of a library, but the combination of poisoned dart and plane is probably unique. Not that such minor matters are of the slightest consequence to the reader; the main thing is that this is an Agatha Christie story, featuring Hercule Poirot, who is, by his own admission, the world's greatest detective." He concluded, "This is a crime puzzle of the first quality, and a mighty entertaining story besides."

In The Observer's issue of 30 June 1935, "Torquemada" (Edward Powys Mathers) started his review, "My admiration for Mrs. Christie is such that with each new book of hers I strain every mental nerve to prove that she has failed, at last, to hypnotise me. On finishing Death in the Clouds, I found that she had succeeded even more triumphantly than usual." He concluded, "I hope that some readers of this baffling case will foresee at least the false denouement. I did not even do that. Agatha Christie has recently developed two further tricks: one is, as of the juggler who keeps on dropping things, to leave a clue hanging out for several chapters, apparently unremarked by her little detective though seized on by us, and then to tuck it back again as unimportant. Another is to give us some, but by no means all, of the hidden thoughts of her characters. We readers must guard against these new dexterities. As for Poirot, it is only to him and to Cleopatra that a certain remark about age and custom is strictly applicable. But might not Inspector Japp be allowed to mellow a little, with the years, beyond the moron stage?"

An admirer of Christie, Milward Kennedy of The Guardian began his review of 30 July 1935, "Very few authors achieve the ideal blend of puzzle and entertainment as often does Agatha Christie." He did admit that, "Death in the Clouds may not rank with her greatest achievements, but it is far above the average detective story." He finished by saying, "Mrs Christie provides a little gallery of thumb-nail sketches of plausible characters; she gives us all the clues and even tells us where to look for them; we ought to find the murderer by reason, but are not likely to succeed except by guesswork."

A review in the Daily Mirror of 20 July 1935 concluded, "We leave Poirot to figure it all out. He is at it and in it, with his usual brilliance, till the end."

Robert Barnard: "Exceptionally lively specimen, with wider than usual class and type-range of suspects. Scrupulously fair, with each clue presented openly and discussed. Note Clancy the crime writer, and the superiority of French police to British (no signs of insularity here)."

References to other works

 * In Chapter 6, Monsieur Fournier makes reference to Monsieur Giraud, the French detective whom Poirot meets in Murder on the Links.
 * In Chapter 7, Poirot refers to a case of poisoning in which the killer uses a "psychological" moment to his advantage, an allusion to Three Act Tragedy.
 * In Chapter 21, Poirot refers to a case in which all the suspects were lying, an allusion to Murder on the Orient Express.

References in other works

 * In Chapter 12 of a later Poirot novel, Mrs McGinty's Dead (1952), Christie's alter ego, Ariadne Oliver, refers to a novel of hers in which she made a blowpipe one foot long only to be told later that they were six feet long. This was an admission of a fundamental error in the plot of Death in the Clouds.
 * First aired on 17 May 2008, an episode of the BBC Television Science Fiction Drama Doctor Who entitled "The Unicorn and the Wasp" made reference to the novel in a plot in which Christie's well-recorded disappearance in 1926 was explained by the intervention of a Vespiform - a shape-changing alien resembling a giant wasp. A copy of "Death in the Clouds" (printed in the year 5,000,000,000) also appears at the end of the episode, with the Doctor claiming that Christie's faint memory of these events inspired the story.

References to actual events

 * Chapter 13: "Imagine, in a little hotel in Syria was an Englishman whose wife had been taken ill. He himself had to be somewhere in Iraq by a certain date. Eh bien, would you believe it, he left his wife and went on so as to be on duty in time? And both he and his wife thought that quite natural; they thought him noble, unselfish. But the doctor, who was not English, thought him a barbarian.". Similar story happened to Christie herself soon after her second marriage and is described in her autobiography

Agatha Christie's Poirot
An adaptation for television starring David Suchet was broadcast in 1992 as part of the series Agatha Christie's Poirot. The screenplay followed the book closely with some minor changes and some characters omitted. Jane Grey's background is changed from a hairdresser to stewardess serving on board the fateful flight. Much more of the action takes place in Paris than in the original novel.

Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple
The novel was adapted as an anime film for television as episodes 36-39 of the NHK anime series Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple and broadcast from 14 April 2005 to 15 May 2005.

Radio 4 Adaptation
BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio play adaptation of this novel in 2003. The adaptation was done by Michael Bakewell and directed Enyd Williams directed, with John Moffat as Poirot and Philip Jackson as Japp.

Publication history

 * Death in the Clouds (paperback), Avon (89), New York: Avon Books, 1946, 259 pp.
 * Death in the Clouds (paperback), Fontana Books, an imprint of HarperCollins, 1957, 188 pp.
 * Death in the Clouds (paperback), New York: Popular Library, 1961, 189 pp.
 * Death in the Clouds (paperback) (X317), Pan Books, 1964, 188 pp.
 * Death in the Clouds (Hardcover) (large-print ed.), Ulverscroft, 1967, 219 pp.
 * Death in the Clouds (hardcover), Greenway edition of collected works, William Collins, 1973, ISBN 0-00-231187-9, 256 pp.
 * "Death in the Clouds", Murder on Board (hardcover), Dodd, Mead & Co, 1974, ISBN 0-396-06992-4, along with  The Mystery of the Blue Train  and  What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw! , 601 pp.
 * Death in the Clouds (hardcover), Greenway edition of collected works, Dodd Mead, 1974, 256 pp
 * Death in the Clouds (hardback) (Poirot facsimile ed.), HarperCollins, 2 April 2007, ISBN 0-00-723442-2  (facsimile of 1935 UK first edition).

The book was first serialised in the US in The Saturday Evening Post in six instalments from 9 February (Volume 207, Number 32) to 16 March 1935 (Volume 207, Number 37) under the title Death in the Air with illustrations by Frederic Mizen. More than 42 years later, the same magazine republished the story, in 4 parts, in their Oct, Nov 1977 and Mar, Apr 1978 issues.

In the UK, the novel was serialised as an abridged version in the weekly Woman's Pictorial magazine in six instalments from 16 February (Volume 29, Number 736) to 23 March 1935 (Volume 29, Number 741) under the title Mystery in the Air. There were no chapter divisions and all of the instalments carried illustrations by Clive Uptton.

International titles

 * Chinese (simplified): 云中命案 (Death in the Clouds)
 * Czech: Smrt v oblacích (Death in the Clouds)
 * Dutch: Moord in het vliegtuig (Murder in the aircraft)
 * Estonian: Surm pilvede kohal (Death above the Clouds)
 * French: La Mort dans les nuages (Death in the Clouds)
 * German: Tod in den Wolken (Death in the Clouds)
 * Hungarian: Poirot gyanúba esik (Poirot Becomes a Suspect), Halál a felhők fölött (Death Over the Clouds), Halál a felhők között (Death in the Clouds)
 * Indonesian: Maut di Udara (Death in the Air)
 * Italian: Delitto in cielo (Crime in the Sky), Omicidio in cielo (Homicide in the Sky)
 * Japanese: 雲をつかむ死 (Death in the Clouds)
 * Polish: Śmierć w chmurach (Death in the Clouds)
 * Portuguese: Morte nas Nuvens (Death in the Clouds)
 * Russian: Смерть в облаках (=Smert' v oblakakh, Death in the Clouds)
 * Spanish: Muerte en las nubes (Death in the clouds)
 * Swedish: Den Flygande Döden (The Flying Death)
 * Turkish: Ölüm diken üstünde  (Death on prickle)